ifugao culture slideshare
ifugao culture slideshare
Census of Population and Housing. Philippine Statistics Authority. Makati: The Bookmark, Inc. McKay, Deirdre. If the bile shows a bad omen, the ceremony is repeated until a favorable signal is finally made. Two or three men chant, march around, and spear the pig. It is dark blue with narrow, plain, red stripes and broad white bands. Sometimes these magical tales begin in Chuligan, the legendary house of Bugan and Wigan, and end at the house of the husband and wife for whom the rites are being performed. Perez, Rodrigo, III, Rosario S. Encarnacion, and Julian E. Dacanay Jr. 1989. The Ifugaos trace their ancestry to two legendary figures: Pfukhan and Gwikhan. For as long as there was military presence, the Ifugao welcomed the protection of the friars, who were aiming to convert them. The Philippine Journal of Science 4 (4): 237-255. 2005. However, many Ifugao still find the ritual authority of mombaki as complementary to the evolving cultural needs of Ifugao communities in contemporary times. Hunting plays a major part in the peoples subsistence; thus, there are many ritual myths about hunting. Wisconsin: American Anthropological Association. Early Ifugao culture had a ranked social organization based on kinship. Vocal music covers a variety of forms. This has opened up opportunities for the Ifugao to participate in both the national and global cash economy. Murder victims are allowed a three-day vigil with only the relatives present. Documentary film. This was resisted at first. The culture and social habits of the associated community has developed deep ties with these rice terraces. A cloth pouch, very similar to that of the mens, serves like a pocket, either tucked in the tapis or held by the hand. The hangbo are red and yellow designs, woven at both ends of the G-string. Soon, Bugan becomes pregnant by Kabigat. Ifugao Culture and History. Certain rituals are performed to counter the causes of sickness. The Tboli , also known as Tboli, Tiboli, and Tagabili, are an indigenous people living in the southern part of Mindanao , particularly in t Kankanaey , also Kankanay, Kankanai, and Kankana-i, refers to the culture and the people who primarily reside in Benguet and Mountain Provin Kalinga comes from the common noun kalinga, which means enemy, fighter, or headhunter in the Ibanag and Gaddang languages. Their duel ends only when Aliguyon asks his comrades to take his hip bag to Pumbakhayons house as a sign that he wants Pumbakhayons sister, Bugan, for his wife. Weavers from Kiangan classify their works into textiles either with or without dyed designs. The Religion of the Ifugaos. But air circulates freely through two doors, one in front and the other at the back. Even the Ifugao, who lived in Spanish garrison towns and sought protection from the Spanish military against their own Ifugao enemies, rebelled against Spanish colonial taxes and military abuse. It has dark blue designs that represent linuhhong (mortars), tinatagu (men), inulog (snakes), bittuon (stars), bannia (iguanas), and hinolgat (spears). Another percussion instrument is the bangibang or pattong. California: Stanford University Press. It was first serialized in Philippine Magazine and then published in Sydney in 1935. Each of these rites is addressed to a special deity and ancestor. The hibat produces resonant tones, and the ahhot produces the damped sounds. Character description [ edit] The main characters in "The God Stealer" are Philip Latak and Sam Cristie. Alim is a ritual song. Sound is produced by striking or banging the instrument. Ifugaos have long consolidated their religious and cultural beliefs through the time, continuously connecting themselves to their ancestors and giving life to memories that have been lost since conversion to Christianity. The more important Ifugao rituals include those related to their daily subsistence. The ayyuding is made of a whole bamboo node, with the strings carved out of the bamboos skin. They may also wear the hingat (earring), of which there are seven kinds: first, a large copper ring; second, a string of small beads; third, the same kind of copper ring from which dangles a ring; fourth, a piece of copper wire, which is rolled up so as to form a small disk; fifth, a heavy piece of gold, silver (from a 50-centavo coin) or copper, in the shape of a C with much enlarged points that almost meet, sometimes flanked on both sides (top and bottom of C) with a variously shaped, comparatively large projection; sixth, one or two long and narrow, more or less spatulate pieces of white or brownish shell, dangling from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire; seventh, a piece of white shell in the shape of a topped clover leaf with two leaflets, which dangles from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire (Vanoverbergh 1929, 206-207). With the help of older village members, he imposed damages and fines. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. In wedding rituals, the mombaki inspects the bile of the sacrificial animals to read the wishes of the gods. 1912. The Ifugao Hagabi. Folklore Studies 17: 207-209. The mamonghal (leader priest) assigns the different deities to the priests present. . Both the husband and wife can reclaim the wealth and property they owned before their marriage. The pinading (place spirit) is invited to partake of the game. Food and ceremonial offerings to the gods are placed inside and the animals blood poured over these boxes. New York: University Books. It is based on a study with a similar title The Half-way Sun: Life among the Headhunters of the Philippines by American anthropologist Roy Franklin Barton. As soon as the pigs bile shows signs favorable to the couple being married, the native rice wine tapoy is passed around and the imbajah dance begins. But American superiority in battle and the respect they afforded the Ifugao in these battles made these changes more acceptable. In 2001, the hudhud chants were recognized by the UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The first ritual preceding a hunt is called pahang di amaiyu, which involves sacrificing a chicken and spending ceremonial days of idleness until omens are found favorable. The Unpublished Dances of the Philippines. The thatch prevents the suns heat from penetrating but also allows the rain to slide down. During that time, the Philippines was becoming the center of filmmaking in Asia, and showcasing ethnic groups was a festival trend. A blanket may also be worn around a mans head like a turban. 1966. In politics, warlord rule emerged. National Statistics Office. They represent the warriors or sometimes Wigans offsprings or descendants. A low-pitched gong is the tobob, about 25 centimeters in diameter, which is beaten either with the open palms or clenched fists. This guitar has recently become popular for accompanying songs. Then the rice granary is opened, and new bundles of rice are taken out. The wanno or g-string is the traditional attire of male Ifugaos. In these rituals, the bulol is the most common and traditional ritual sculpture. Cimatu, Frank. While kneeling in front of the dancers, the gong players hold the gangsa on top of their thighs with the convex side held up. The gangsa is an ensemble of three or four flat gongs played in special rhythms, while the gangha is made of brass or bronze. Radyo Natin DZVK-FM 101.7, based in Banaue, is run by the Manila Broadcasting Company. The kintog, formerly used to exchange for pigs but is now known as oban, is used for carrying babies. Non-ritual songs include the hudhud, the liwliwa, and the salidummay. Hunting begins with Ifugao rules being strictly followed by the hunters. The womens skirt is the tapis, which is wrapped around the waist and comes down to just above the knees. There are trained chanters for rituals and other social gatherings, and the people feel free to critique the chanting. It is taboo for the people, even for the mombaki, to eat this part of the pig. Sometimes the tale is about another Wigan, a brother of Bugan who represents the relative of either husband or wife. Marriage between cousins up to the fourth degree is looked upon with disdain. The Ethnohistory of Northern Luzon. The langitang is generally used during burial rituals to drive away spirits and revenge rituals for a slain Ifugao. 1966. After Aguinaldos capture in Palanan, Isabela, in 1901, American troops continued to explore the Cordillera mountains. The SlideShare family just got bigger. 1909. The rich Ifugao usually command authority, although fair treatment is accorded to all. The traditional kinship system of the Ifugao has also been manipulated by traditional politicians. The Ifugao of Quiangan and Vicinity. Translated by Dean Worcester. De Leon, Gerardo, director. It is inspected for its color and its position relative to the animals intestines and liver. Another kind of armlet is made of a pair of boar tusks that are tied at the broader ends with rattan string, with the pointed ends touching to form a circle. The Ifugaos woven textiles are associated with religious belief and rituals. ), Hin pinhod takun munhida itlog, munpaptok hi, (If you want to eat eggs, raise chickens.). The makalun (messenger) is asked to intercede with the deities according to the purpose of the rite. The pili carving represents a class of deities responsible for guarding property. The Ifugao family is responsible for its affairs as long as every family member follows custom law. Apocalypse Yesterday Already! The hagabi is an improved version of its precursor called guinulgulding, a bench with goat-like heads at its two ends. Incest is strictly forbidden in Ifugao law. The rice terraces have created a tourist industry that has resulted in improvements in the infrastructure such as roads, electric grids, and buildings. Heads were proudly displayed in the Ifugao home as a sign of prestige and gallantry. This practice was scorned by the Belgian missionaries, who introduced a Catholic education system that led to several changes in the Ifugaos traditional lifeway. Violations are very rare because the people are aware of the importance of the forest. Its dayude and iwitan have designs similar to those of the balingbing of a bayaong (blanket). A Heritage of Saints. Their domesticated animals are chickens, pigs, and ducks. Cultural differences and the city peoples prejudices cause them to move back to the Ifugao community at the rice terraces. Weaving is the exclusive task of Ifugao women. Jars and plates are placed on a shelf attached to a wall. Burial methods depend on the age, social status of the deceased, and cause of death. The takdag involve the whole community and mark the end of the harvest for the rice year. They weave blankets, G-strings, skirts, upper garments, belts, and hip and hand bags. The giniling is a bracelet made of heavy copper wire coiled like a spring 20 to 40 times, gradually increasing in width. Songs are also known according to the historical period they represent. Roll, Christian. Although there are basic movement patterns to follow, they are free to move as they please, forming a line, for instance, or dance individually. IFUGAO, Philippines Aided by a pair of glasses and a traditional short, curved dagger, 69-year-old farmer Rosita Gano harvests rice grains, one stalk after another, using only one hand, a . In response, the Spanish military employed other tactics. They stayed in dormitories called agamang under the care of an old man, a widow, or an elderly unmarried woman. Rattan is the material used for household baskets. The tadcheng is a similar instrument with four strings strummed with the fingers. On one or both sides of the containers, animal heads protrude. 7 August. The agba comes in two forms: the spanning of the stick, where the name of the right deity or class of deity is mentioned, during which the stick is believed to grow longer, and the buyun or the balancing of the egg, bean, or any oval-shaped object on a knife blade. The heat and smoke serve to dry the interior as well as the grain stored in the upper part of the house. The rice fields may also be planted with legumes or vegetables after the harvest, so even the embankments are useful. Tuklas Sining series. A historical novel about an Ifugao hero named Kalatong is The Half Way Sun: A Tale of the Philippine Islands by Australian T. Inglis Moore, an English and creative writing teacher at the University of the Philippines from 1928 to 1931. Ifugao Villages and Houses. Catholic Anthropological Conference 1 (April): 117-141. The knowledge of pedigrees is of paramount importance to the Ifugao. Highlandand Lowland The larger bag is the pinuhha, which is made of white thread; the smaller bag is the ambayong of double block thread. In central Ifugao, the ulbong (rice storage basket) is made using the coiling method. The G-string is generally made of dark blue (almost black) cloth, with a red stripe running lengthwise in the middle, between two yellow, or occasionally red, lines, which either touch the middle stripe immediately or are woven at some distance from it. In 2013 Ifugao carvers created 82 bulol especially for the Axis Art Project of the Philippine exhibit at the Singapore Biennale. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ activestats/psgc/province.asp?provcode=142700000. The Philippine Commission headed by Dean Worcester created Mountain Province, composed of seven sub-provinces, namely, Benguet, Amburayan, Bontoc, Ifugao, Lepanto, Apayao, and Kalinga. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Being brother and sister, Kabigat and Bugan leave earth for the downstream region and here bear three children who are deities: Ampuwal, the ancestor of all evil spirits; Ngilin, the ancestor of jealous spirits; and Ambummabbakal, ancestor of all Matangulan gods. The Headhunters of Northern Luzon; From Ifugao to Kalinga, a Ride through the Mountains of Northern Luzon, with an Appendix on the Independence of the Philippines. The mombaki must abstain from any sexual activity for about three months. The bale are small houses with a floor area of around 12 to 15 square meters, raised above the ground on four posts. Ifugao, group of wet-rice agriculturalists occupying the mountainous area of northern Luzon, Philippines. The Private Apocalypse of Francis Coppola. Life Magazine (June): 111-120. Most Ifugao sculptures are carved from wood, although a few use metal. The mourners, men and women alike, wear the red leaves of the dongla plant, asymbol of war (Orosa-Goquingco 1980, 72). Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California. The hape, which is for the wealthy, is usually worn by the young and has three pieces. In the late 1990s in Mayoyao, death rituals could last up to a month. The dance dinuyya is performed by any number of men and women during major feasts in the municipality of Lagawe. The forest ritual is performed at the site of the kill, where the game is cut up. New York: The MacMillan Co. Zabilka, Gladys. Thin projections of brass or horn also extend from the sides, resembling the horns of a water buffalo. The steeply sloping roof extends from the upper part of the house to floor level. The Tuwali and the Henangas weaving designs and colors differ. While the Ifugao rice culture draws most of the attention because of the terraces, Imbayah casts more light on the artisan culture that has grown around the terraces. T he Ifugao province is known for its unique and striking culture and tradition aside from being considered a historical spot as the "Tiger of Malaya" marked with the Yamashita Shrine in Kiangan. The Ifugao have various types of musical instruments and songs for different occasions, particularly during village rituals and social gatherings. Another ritual sculpture is the komis (fern tree figure), which has a protective function. Another ornament may be a small shell attached to the middle stripe at the front end of the G-string (Vanoverbergh 1929, 201). 1980. Mainly in the Ayangan area of Banaue, the funi is believed to be the supernatural power possessed by individuals who are envious or jealous and is activated even without the intent to render illness to others. In 1847, the military governor Mariano Oscariz carried out expeditions in Mayoyao, Alimit, and Kiangan, burning crops, destroying terrace walls, and executing three Ifugao for every Spaniard killed. Women are expected to plant and harvest rice, weed the rice paddies, cook, keep house, weave, and sew the family clothes. 1913. The Constabulary uniform was adopted to the Ifugao manner of dressing: a khaki shirt with sleeve insignia, cartridge belt, a specially designed loincloth, the traditional hip bag for the men, a padang worn around both legs, and a single-shot Springfield rifle. Video:Soar Over the Lush Rice Terraces of the Philippines. The system ensures conservation of the forest for fuel, housing, and irrigation for the terraces. The Spanish used converts like Juan Lumawig of Bagabag to convince the Ifugao to settle in the Spanish towns. The carvings, together with offerings of wine and ritual boxes, are placed near the priests. Unique to the Ifugao is the manner in which they play the tobobwith a clenched fist. 1974.Customs and Culture of the Philippines. Rice bundles are dried under the sun and stored in granaries watched over by carved bulol (rice gods). It is a pair made of straight or boomerang-shaped wood. Among the Tuwali Ifugao, the women sing the hudhud during the wake to keep the watchers awake. As a result, the Ifugao people had a fairly positive perception of the Americans. In 1832, Colonel Guillermo Galvey pillaged Kiangan, using Ilocano and Pangasinan troops to retaliate against Ifugao attacks on Nueva Vizcaya and Cagayan towns. Indigenous cuisine, woodcarving, rattan and loom weaving were highlights in this year's Imbayah Festival held in Banaue town on April 26 to 29. The interior of an Ifugao house is more round than cube-shaped and is windowless. LUZON. 1989. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Additionally, more opportunities for wage labor in nearby provinces, such as in the logging areas of Isabela and of Maddela, Quirino, and in the citrus orchards of Didipio, Nueva Vizcaya, besides those in urban centers like Baguio City and Manila, and overseas like Hong Kong, Singapore, and Dubai have led to an increase in Ifugao outmigration. 1978. The performance of the hagabi therefore showcases the wealth of the kadangyan. This helps in determining who to invite to feasts and gatherings that require the presence of relatives. It is used in rituals seeking a bountiful harvest, revenge, or the healing of a sick person. Trail building helped break down the isolation of communities created by years of tribal warfare. CICM priest Father Francis Lambrecht conducted studies on the hudhud epic and Ifugao languages. Recitation of hunting myths follows the rites. The deity declares its habitat, expresses satisfaction in the feast and wine, and goes home. Quezon City: GCF Books. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 1991. Travelers began to flock to the province, with Banaue emerging as a tourism center in the 1980s, despite the presence of similar terraces in the other municipalities. Each type of textile reflects particular social functions. They use bird traps and nets for catching bats. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Baguio City: The Catholic School Press. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. When a man decided to settle down, he sought his partner in the agamang. Sons are encouraged to marry young so that their parents may see their grandchildren before they die. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Form and Splendor: Personal Adornment of Northern Luzon Ethnic Groups, Philippines. It is at this point that the researcher, a social science teacher, was motivated to conduct a similar study about the Ifugaos' culture and find out its educational implication. They are usually made in pairs, but there seems to be no rule with regard to sex and posture. Abundance of ecosystem services which have been developed for centuries in this system serves for the whole impoverished . Filmography of Filipino Films 2011. Plaridel 9 (2): 115-54. Gamit skirts are characterized by elaborate border designs, which vary according to the type and color of alternating threads woven into the textile. 1975. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Scott, William Henry. LEGAL INNOVATION | Tu Agente Digitalizador; LEGAL3 | Gestin Definitiva de Despachos; LEGAL GOV | Gestin Avanzada Sector Pblico Musicians march along with the warriors and lean in unison, first to the right and then to the left, striking one end of their instrument and then the other. The house is divided into two vertical parts. Those who have gone to formal school use proverbs in their lectures before large gatherings or meetings. 1986. During harvest rituals, the libbit, a small conical drum, is added to the ensemble. The Henanga of Mayoyao use white, red, and blue, with blue dominating, and green and yellow threads are incorporated into the design at the middle. Despite attempts by the government to regulate it, the Ifugao death ritual has persisted. The death penalty was rarely imposed, even for crimes as grave as murder. Baguio City: Cordillera Schools Group. When the earth is dry again, they go down to Otobon Valley and settle on the hill of Kiangan, where they live undisturbed with their many children. The Ifugao World. Owners of pigs surround their houses with fences called runo, which are made of plants, stones, or sticks planted on the ground. Traditional weaves in Ifugao have cultural meanings, and certain textiles were traditionally reserved only for specific occasions or particular individuals. Men wear the binuhlan or wanno (G-string), which is long enough to be wound around the body two or three times. 1970. The Spanish never were able to take control of the Ifugao territory. We've updated our privacy policy. The Hudhud of Dinulawan and Bugan at Gonhadan, on the other hand, narrates Bugans search for a husband, her marriage to Daulayan, Aliguyons long-lost brother, and the courtship and wedding of Aginaya, Aliguyuns sister, and Dinulawan, Bugans brother. Since the 1960s, the mombakis role has had to compete with that of the government authorities. Its highest elevation is at 2,523 meters, and its waters flow toward Magat River, a tributary of the Cagayan River. Among the Henanga Ifugao, instead of the hudhud, a man may sing the epfer or a woman the iha, both of which are dirges that narrate the life story of the dead. Other Ifugao legends that have been recorded include The Legend of the Ambuwaya Lake, The Origin of the Pitpit or Bird of Omen, Why the Dead Come Back No More, and How Lagawe Got its Name.. Lodriguito, Benjamin G. 1978. Enkiwe-Abayao, Leah. Three to six months later, the wedding ceremony is performed by the mombaki in the girls home. The idaw is a war dance, depicting a battle between two tribes in the Cordilleras (Obusan 1989). This was reflected by the victory of independent candidates for mayoral positions. For their fllors, they flattered bamboo slices. Ifugao relations with friars were based on the militarys strength in the area. 2004. Boys are taught to hunt, use arms, work in the field, and learn the family genealogy. Government programs have had little impact on the economic conditions of the people. After the farmers have worked on the fields all day, they may dance the paypayto to the beat of the gangsa. Two years later, Marcos issued a provision on the decree, penalizing modification, alteration, repair, or destruction of the original features of the terraces. Indeed, it is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty. Possession by the deities occurs after the pig or other sacrificial animal has been offered. Magazine and then published in Sydney in 1935 community and mark the end of people... But is now known as oban, is usually worn by the young and has three pieces Ifugao is komis... Inside and the city peoples prejudices cause them to move back to the has... According to the fourth degree is looked upon with disdain and liver fair treatment is accorded to.... Satisfaction in the upper part of the G-string were recognized by the deities occurs after the for! The wishes of the G-string before their marriage Ifugao is the manner in which play... To hunt, use arms, work in the late 1990s in Mayoyao, rituals... 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